The governing of Morganville falls under the authority of the Marlboro Township. The Marlboro Township government structure is headed by a mayor, who is the Chief Executive and Administrative Officer. The mayor as of 2011 is Jonathan Hornik. He is charged with enforcing the Marlboro Township charter and local ordinances as supervising the government departments, employees and property.

The mayor works in conjunction with an elected body of five Council members. The Council members act as the Marlboro Township's legislative body. It is their job to set policies, resolutions and ordinance, approve budgets and set tax rates. The Council holds open meetings that are open to the public and keeps Council activity an open book. 

Citizens of Morganville have the opportunity to run for a Council seat or to volunteer to act as part of an advisory board over certain specific areas of concern. Council seats are voted on annually and the volunteer positions are appointed on an as needed basis.

Political affiliations in Morganville lean slightly toward the Republican Party, but parties are fairly represented in local elections. In the 2008 Presidential election, 52 percent of the Morganville residents voted republican and 48 percent voted Democratic.

On a federal level, most of Marlboro Township falls within the 12th Congressional district and New Jersey's 12th state legislative district until the 2010 census. Based on the current census, the Township has been reallocated to New Jersey's 13th state legislative district.

While Morganville may be a small fish in a big pond, politically speaking, residents have ample opportunity to maintain and active role locally, on a state level and nationally.